Sources and open points

Pages added in the 26 October update

• W3C, Mitigating Browser Fingerprinting in Web Specifications: passive and active fingerprinting, mitigations. Group Note of 25 September 2025.
• Tor Project, Fingerprinting protections: letterboxing, fewer buckets, fixed platform.
• ICO, response to Google's policy change on fingerprinting: dated 19 December 2024.
• Google Chrome Help, How private browsing works in Chrome: what Incognito does and does not do.
• EFF, Choosing the VPN That's Right for You: what a VPN hides and what it does not.
• Brave, Global Privacy Control, DuckDuckGo, GPC, Privacy Badger and MDN, Navigator.globalPrivacyControl: how each browser or extension sends GPC and how a page reads it.

The original reading list, 21 October 2026

• EFF Surveillance Self-Defense, What Is Fingerprinting?: what fingerprinting is, details used, how to reduce it. Last reviewed 27 August 2024 on the page.
• Mozilla Support, Firefox's protection against fingerprinting: Known and Suspected Fingerprinters, defaults, limits.
• Mozilla Support, Global Privacy Control: what GPC is, how to turn it on in Firefox, limits.
• Global Privacy Control: the specification project, supporting browsers.
• Mozilla Firefox Source Docs, Query Parameter Stripping: how it works, the initial parameter list.
• WebKit, Private Browsing 2.0: Safari Private Browsing protections. Dated 16 July 2024.
• Brave, Fingerprinting defenses 2.0: farbling. Dated 18 May 2020.
• Google, Next steps for Privacy Sandbox and tracking protections in Chrome: dated 22 April 2025. And Update on plans for Privacy Sandbox technologies: dated 17 October 2025.
• SecurityWeek, Google will keep third-party cookies in Chrome: news report dated 23 July 2024, not a Google page.
• Microsoft Support, Tracking prevention in Microsoft Edge: Basic, Balanced, Strict. Updated 14 September 2026.
• EDPB, Guidelines 2/2023 on Technical Scope of Art. 5(3) ePrivacy Directive: version 2.0, 7 October 2024.
• California Privacy Protection Agency, joint privacy sweep: 9 September 2025.
• EFF, Cover Your Tracks: the EFF's test of how trackers may view your browser. We link to it but did not run it for any result here.

Open points

1. Screen-height figure. The Mozilla page gives a number for the fixed subtraction on screen height that looks like a possible error, so we do not state it.
2. Other browsers. Chrome after October 2025, Brave after 2020 and ordinary (non-private) Safari were not checked. We tested no browser ourselves.
3. Link cleaner. The Mozilla list is only the initial one; utm_, gclid and msclkid are our own additions.
4. Law. National laws that apply the ePrivacy Directive, EU Digital Omnibus changes and the result of the 2025 CPPA sweep were not read.
5. Versions. Browser features change; the version numbers come from the pages above.
6. Browser check. It reads the details your browser offers and shows them. It does not measure how unique your browser is.
7. Review status. Written from the sources only; no privacy specialist has reviewed it.

If a browser maker or regulator has since settled one of these questions, tell us through the Contact page and we will update the page.